Broome isn't the best example of this, since he started at a mid-major and transferred up to Auburn as a junior, which I suspect would damper or at least complicate the jersey retirement calculus. The better case would be Zach Edey, Jamal Shead, Drew Timme, or (sigh) RJ Davis, POY caliber guys who played four-plus years at one school.
I think there are reasons that make it less likely for Duke to have one of those guys. Shead and Edey were both 3-star guys who stuck around and blossomed. Timme and Davis were four star guys ranked in the 50s or 60s. Duke doesn't really recruit many guys at that level. The few that Duke does bring in (Reeves, Goldwire, Blakes, Schutt) are having to compete with 5-star guys every year, so the opportunities for on court experience/growth are limited and a transfer is more likely. It is what it is.
The best candidate would be someone in the lower half of the top 100 who outperforms their ranking and demands PT as a freshman but whose game doesn't obviously translate to the NBA. Drew Timme is the archetype for this. Not inconceivable Duke lands someone fitting that profile in the future (Timme himself had a Duke offer if memory serves).