The question about the numbers has been answered, though not in the show (to my knowledge). The back story of the numbers is that they are the main constants in the equation that determines the ultimate End of Days.
The Dharma Initiative was established to try to change the equation, because End of Days is REALLY REALLY soon. That's why they're on the island because the island IS the control for said End Of Days.
That is consistent with Jacob / CJC being Fate, as well as the idea of Fate (the real person mind you) being attached directly with the island informing individuals that "the island is through with you now."
The separation of the black and white yarn, coupled with the weaving, seals the deal for me. Again, while I'm not ecstatic about the episode last night, I thought it did establish 3 critical concepts:
1) Jacob is Fate
2) The Island is in control of all life
3) There's no such thing as "all good" or "all bad."