"It doesn't look like anything we've seen in men who have been administered exogenous testosterone," explained Amory, a professor at the University of Washington in Seattle who works with testosterone deficient patients. "I don't think [Landis's test results] confirm that doping occurred. I can't say there is a physiological process that would give these results. It's quite puzzling to me what exactly is going on here."
Amory wasn't being paid for his time (40-50 hours, he estimated). And for the last two and a half years, he's been a member of USADA's independent anti-doping board, a panel of experts that decides whether there is enough evidence to move forward with individual doping cases. He was recently reappointed for two additional years on the board.
Amory also questioned testosterone's legitimacy as a performance-enhancing drug for endurance athletes, saying that the kind of micro-dosing pro cyclist Joe Papp described in earlier testimony might allow an athlete to elude detection, but it wouldn't provide any noticeable benefit.
"There's no evidence that testosterone plays a role in augmenting endurance," Amory said, pointing to one scientific study that found testosterone had no more benefit than a placebo and that it did not aid in recovery.